On 14 December 2023, the Swiss Council of States (upper house of parliament) approved the ratification of the pending protocol to the 2011 tax treaty with the United Arab Emirates. The protocol, signed 5 November 2022, is the first to amend the treaty and includes changes to bring the treaty in line with OECD BEPS standards, among others. The protocol will enter into force once the ratification instruments are exchanged and will generally apply from 1 January of the year following its entry into force.